Aether (classical element)
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The fifth Classical Element is known by various names: Aether (Greek αἰθήρ), Idea (Greek ίδέα), quintessence, or ίερόν, (Greek hieron "a divine thing").
According to ancient and medieval science, Aether (Greek αἰθήρ, aithēr[1]), also spelled ether, is the material that fills the region of the universe above the terrestrial sphere. Aristotle included ίδέα, idea, as a fifth element distinct from the other four, Earth, Water, Air, and Fire.
Plato and Aristotle referred to Aether as "Idea", and in this sense, it may be regarded as that which exists outside the material world (i.e. thought processes, mathematical algorithms, etc.). Aether was also called quintessence (from quinta essentia, "fifth element"). Quintessence was also thought to be heavenly, i.e. not of the material world (matter). Quintessence was also said to have the power of life. Its Platonic solid was the dodecahedron.
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[edit] Mythological origins
The word aether (αἰθήρ) in Homeric Greek means "pure, fresh air" or "clear sky", imagined in Greek mythology to be the pure essence where the gods lived and which they breathed, analogous to the aer breathed by mortals (also personified as a deity, Aether, the son of Erebus and Nyx). It corresponds to the concept of akasha in Hindu philosophy and is linked to Brihaspati (or the planet Jupiter) and the center direction of the compass. It is related to αἴθω "to incinerate"[2], also intransitive "to burn, to shine" (related is the name Aithiopes (Ethiopians)), meaning "people with a burnt (black) visage". See also Empyrean.
[edit] Fifth element
Plato's Timaeus posits the existence of a fifth element (corresponding to the fifth remaining Platonic solid, the dodecahedron) called quintessence, of which the cosmos and all celestial bodies are made.
Aristotle included aether in the system of the classical elements of Ionic philosophy as the "fifth element" (the quintessence), on the principle that the four terrestrial elements were subject to change and moved naturally in straight lines while no change had been observed in the celestial regions and the heavenly bodies moved in circles. In Aristotle's system aether had no qualities (was neither hot, cold, wet, or dry), was incapable of change (with the exception of change of place), and by its nature moved in circles.[3] Medieval scholastic philosophers granted aether changes of density, in which the bodies of the planets were considered to be denser than the medium which filled the rest of the universe.[4] Robert Fludd stated that the aether was of the character that it was "subtler than light". Fludd cites the 3rd century view of Plotinus, concerning the aether as penetrative and non-material.[5]
[edit] Legacy
The concept of the aether impacted science long after scientists had rejected the ancient theory of the five elements. Prior to fully modern theories of electromagnetism, many scientists applied the term "aether" to the pervasive medium through which they thought light must propagate. The modern understanding of electromagnetism, including Einstein's particle theory of light and various scientific experiments of general relativity, has removed the need for a substance like aether to fill the otherwise empty parts of the universe. Newton's and Maxwell's aether model (the latter being a "classic static aether") were both developed from this classical element. However, the null result of the Michelson-Morley experiment in 1887 lead to the decline of the aether model. Albert Einstein, in an interpretation he offered for his theory of special relativity, dismissed it, as per Occam's razor; and, though he later reinstated a logical need for an aether in a commentary on his theory of general relativity ("according to the general theory of relativity space without ether is unthinkable"), modern astrophysical theories adopt a similar concept, the dark matter/dark energy.
[edit] Cyberspace/software, etc., as Idea (Quintessence)
In Greek, ίδέα, idea, or ίερόν, hieron ("a divine thing") lends itself well to the modern interpretation that algorithms, software, or other similar "cyberspace" processes be categorized as belonging to the fifth element. In other words, just as the mind belongs to Idea, even though the brain is a mixture of solid ("Earth") and liquid ("Water"), software also belongs to Idea even though the hardware it runs on, i.e. silicon chips, etc., is made from solid ("Earth") matter.[6]
In the world of cyberspace, the term ethernet is often widely used to describe a network that runs over physical connections. Thus even though the connections and connectors, such as an ethernet jack are made of solid matter ("Earth"), the concept of ethernet and cyberspace transcends the physical world of matter (solid, liquid, gas, and plasma), making necessary a fifth element beyond the material world.
In physical organology, the fifth element "Idea" is associated with algorithmic processes, including electronically generated processes (digital or analog), software, and that which occurs in cyberspace, i.e. outside of or beyond the "material" (matter-based) world. Thus, for example, musical instruments that produce sound in cyberspace (whether by digital or analog electric circuits, and/or computation, whether mechanical computers, optical computing, or electrical) are said to be quintephones[6]
[edit] Theremin
The Theremin, a musical instrument that exists in the fifth state-of-matter (i.e. non-matter) is often referred to as an aetherphone.
[edit] Fifth element-theories
In some cosmologies, six elements are identified. Beyond solid (Earth), liquid (Water), gas (Air), and plasma (Fire), there are identified two other elements, one to do with life, or living matter. Thus the fifth element may be sub-divided into living and non-living, i.e. informatics and bioinformatics (the mind, neural networks, etc.).
[edit] In fiction
In Hamlet, by William Shakespeare, Hamlet famously asks Rosencrantz and Guildenstern, "What is this quintessence of dust?", in reference to his growing inability to understand what distinguishes humanity from nature.
In the Disney/Jetix television show, W.I.T.C.H., team leader Will Vandom hones the power of quintessence.
In Metroid Prime 2: Echoes, Aether is the planet upon which Samus Aran's adventure takes place.
The 1997 Luc Besson movie, The Fifth Element, oppositionally portrayed the perfect being (played by Milla Jovovich) as a fifth element, whose powers were awakened by Love.
In many role-playing games, ether is magic in a tangible form. Imbibing ether allows one to instantly recover magical power. Ether appears as such an item in the Final Fantasy series and the Pokémon series of video games.
In Fire Emblem Rekka no Ken, the life force of all humans is called "quintessence", which people possess in varying amounts. In Fire Emblem: Path of Radiance, the main character, Ike, can gain a skill called Aether. (Ike also uses a move by this name in Super Smash Bros. Brawl.)
In the manga/anime Rave Master aka Groove Adventure Rave, one of the team, Elie, has the power of "Aetherion", which is said to be the ultimate form of magic.
In the Japanese anime and manga series, Zero no Tsukaima the main character, Louise, wields void magic, that series' particular fifth element.
In the book Storm Thief by Chris Wooding, aether is a substance that destroys a human's soul on contact.
[edit] References
- ^ "ether". The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language. 4th ed. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2006.
- ^ Pokorny, Julius (1959). Indogermanisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch, s.v. ai-dh-.
- ^ G. E. R. Lloyd, Aristotle: The Growth and Structure of his Thought, Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Pr., 1968, pp. 133-139, ISBN 0-521-09456-9.
- ^ E. Grant, Planets, Stars, & Orbs: The Medieval Cosmos, 1200-1687, Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Pr., 1994, pp. 422-428, ISBN 0-521-56509-X.
- ^ Robert Fludd, "Mosaical Philosophy". London, Humphrey Moseley, 1659. Pg 221.
- ^ a b Natural Interfaces for Musical Expression: Physiphones and a physics-based organology, in Proceedings of the 2007 Conference on New Interfaces for Musical Expression (NIME07), Pages 118-123, New York, NY, USA
[edit] General
- FAQ - The Ancient Elements of Nature Ancient proto-scientific conceptualisations of the domain of nature into its constituent elements ... Earth, Water, Air, Fire and the Aether.
