Active camouflage

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Illustrating the concept, i.e. active capture and re-display, creates an "illusory transparency", also known as "computer mediated reality"

Active camouflage or adaptive camouflage, is a group of camouflage technologies which allow an object to blend into its surroundings by use of panels or coatings capable of altering their appearance, color, luminance and reflective properties. Active camouflage has the capacity to provide perfect concealment from visual detection.

1 Definition
2 Optical Camouflage
3 Fictional examples
- 3.1 In fiction
4 In animals
5 See also
6 References
7 External links

[edit] Definition

Active camouflage differs from conventional means of concealment in two important ways: firstly, it makes the camouflaged object appear not merely similar to its surroundings, but effectively invisible through the use of mimicry; secondly, active camouflage changes the appearance of the object as changes occur in the background. Ideally, active camouflage mimics nearby objects as well as objects as distant as the horizon.

Active camouflage has its origins in the diffused lighting camouflage first tested on Canadian Navy corvettes during World War II, and later in the armed forces of the United Kingdom and the United States of America.

Current systems began with a United States Air Force program which placed low-intensity blue lights on aircraft. As night skies are not pitch black, a 100 percent black-colored aircraft might be rendered visible. By emitting a small amount of blue light, the aircraft blends more effectively into the night sky.

Active camouflage is rumored to have taken a new turn with the development of the Boeing Bird of Prey, which apparently took the technology further. (The Bird of Prey was a black project and available data is limited.)

Active camouflage is poised to develop at a rapid pace with the development of organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) and other technologies which allow for images to be projected onto irregularly-shaped surfaces. With the addition of a camera, an object may not be made completely invisible, but may in theory mimic enough of its surrounding background to avoid detection by the human eye as well as optical sensors. As motion may still be noticeable, an object might not be rendered undetectable under this circumstance but potentially more difficult to hit. This has been demonstrated with videos of "wearable" displays where the camera could see "through" the wearer.

[edit] Optical Camouflage

Wearable version of illusory transparency made from a tiling of flat panel displays supplied with images from cameras, and a computer processing system. This functioning prototype is limited by the number of sensors and transducers.

Outside of fiction, the concept exists only in theory and in proof-of-concept prototypes, although many experts consider it technically feasible. In 2003, three professors at University of Tokyo — Susumu Tachi, Masahiko Inami and Naoki Kawakami — created a prototypical camouflage system in which a video camera takes a shot of the background and displays it on a cloth using an external projector. The same year Time magazine named it the coolest invention of 2003. [1] With flexible electronics such as a flexible liquid crystal display that would permit display of the background image by the material itself, this form of optical camouflage may closely resemble its fictional counterparts^{[citation needed]}^{[dubious – discuss]}.

Phased array optics (PAO) provides a more ideal implementation of optical camouflage. Instead of producing a two dimensional image of background scenery on an object, PAO would use computational holography to produces a three dimensional hologram of background scenery on an object to be concealed. Unlike a two dimensional image, the holographic image would appear to be the actual scenery behind the object independent of viewer distance or view angle.^[1]

[edit] Fictional examples

Optical camouflage is a kind of active camouflage which completely envelopes the wearer. It displays an image of the scene on the side opposite the viewer on it, so that the viewer can "see through" the wearer, rendering the wearer invisible. The idea appears in many fictional works, such as the William Gibson novel Neuromancer, where it is referred to as a "mimetic polycarbon suit," and the 1979 novel Mirror Friend, Mirror Foe by George Takei and Robert Asprin. Also referred to as "thermoptic camouflage" or simply "thermoptics," this technology was popularized by the sci-fi manga (and later anime) Ghost in the Shell and Gantz. The 2000 video game Deus Ex, which was influenced by Ghost in the Shell, also featured a "Thermoptical Camouflage". It was then seen in the 2002 James Bond movie Die Another Day, as well as a similar technology appearing in the Metal Gear Solid and Halo video game series, Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell: Chaos Theory, the video game Phantom Crash, in the air combat game Ace Combat X as the device that camouflaged the Gleipnir and the Fenrir, in the MMOFPS game PlanetSide featured as an infiltration suit, In The Predator movie franchise (Activated on a gauntlet) and as an unlock for the "scout" class in a Half Life 2 mod, "Empires". An optical camouflage device appears in the PC game Battlefield 2142 as an unlockable item.

[edit] In fiction

The active camouflage suit by name is credited to science fiction author Philip K. Dick in his 1974 novel A Scanner Darkly. Worn by the narcotics double agent Bob Arctor/Fred, the "scramble suit" is described as a flexible sheath covering the body of the wearer with a reflective/refractive coating on the inside surface that transfers the camouflaging pattern — projected by a holographic lens mounted on the wearer's head — onto the outside surface of the sheath.

Dick's invention has been copied many times in novels, films and video games to become a standard device in science fiction. Examples appear in the Arnold Schwarzenegger film Predator, the James Bond film Die Another Day, the Metal Gear Solid video game series, the MMOFPS game PlanetSide, the Halo video game series, the Crysis new generation video game ([2] see more about nano suit here) and the Japanese Anime and Manga Ghost in the Shell and Gantz — cited as the inspiration for Tokyo University experiments into optical camouflage. A similar cloaking device is found in Star Trek, however this example does not achieve active camouflage in the same way.

It is notable that in "Ghost in the Shell", the Thermoptic camouflage offers concealment in both the optical and infra-red electromagnetic frequencies.

Also in the book series Artemis Fowl the L.E.P (Lower Elements Police) have technology similar to this in the form of "camfoil". While invisible to human eye, it does not work with cameras and can be shorted out by a shower. Also in the popular video game series HALO: Combat Evolved and its sequels Halo 2 and most recently Halo 3, Active camouflage is a power-up that can be obtained. the alien race of "elites" use active camouflage and are virtually invisible, and appear as bulges in the landscape. Active camouflage is also used by the spies in the multi player modes of Splinter Cell: Chaos Theory, making the spies harder to spot, though water will short the system out, and it had a very limited power supply, making the suit only work for fifteen seconds.

[edit] In animals

Active camouflage is not a human invention. The most convincing example of active camouflage in animals is the octopus, which can blend into its surroundings by changing skin color as well as skin shape and texture. The cuttlefish, another mollusk like the octopus, is also known for its color changing capabilities. Cuttlefish can produce more colors than most octopuses can. The chameleon can also change its color to blend with its surroundings. However, a chameleon more routinely changes color based on body temperature and how stressed it is. The ability is also used to communicate with other chameleons. Color change is also communicative in octopuses and cuttlefish.

A fictional example of active camouflage in animals is the Gila-Munga, a race of extraterrestrial assassins appearing in Judge Dredd, a story serialized in the weekly British comic book anthology 2000 AD.

See also: Category:Animals that can change color

[edit] See also

[edit] References

Burr, E. Godfrey. "Illumination for Concealment of Ships at Night." Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada (Third series, volume XLI, May 1947, p. 45-54).
No Day Long Enough: Canadian Science in World War II. Editor: George R. Lindsey. (Toronto: Canadian Institute of Strategic Studies, 1997), p. 172-173.
Summary Technical Report of Division 16, NDRC. Volume 2: Visibility Studies and Some Applications in the Field of Camouflage. (Washington, D.C.: Office of Scientific Research and Development, National Defense Research Committee, 1946), p. 14-16 and 225-241. [Declassified August 2, 1960].
Waddington, C.H. O.R. in World War 2: Operational Research Against the U-Boat. (London: Elek Science, 1973), p. 164-167.